Skin is an electrical interface
Skin has measurable electrical properties that vary with its layered structure, hydration and contact conditions.
Circleform science
A clearer view of what happens at the skin.
The body uses electrical activity to carry information. At the skin, structure, hydration and contact conditions shape how an external electrical input is received. FM01 brings these elements together in one skin-worn disc.
The illustration follows the intended path from skin contact to a predefined external input and the body’s own response. Individual experience may vary.
Skin contact
Predefined input
Body response
Parameters matter
Waveform, amplitude, timing, placement and contact quality all matter when an external electrical input is evaluated.
Contact is part of the design
FM01 is worn at the recommended body area so the disc remains positioned at the contact surface.
Inside the format
One disc, shown layer by layer.
An exploded view makes the construction easier to understand: the wearable surfaces, embedded component and removable liner are brought together in one circular format.
Conceptual exploded view
Upper wearable surface
The outward-facing layer completes the circular form and covers the internal construction.
Embedded component
The small internal component sits within the wearable disc rather than in a separate control device.
Skin-facing layer
The lower wearable surface is designed to sit at the instructed placement area.
Protective release liner
The removable liner protects the skin-facing surface before application.
Designed as one
The wearable surfaces, embedded component and removable liner come together in one self-contained circular format.
The design path
From direct contact to the body’s own response.
The illustration follows a simple path: FM01 is placed at the skin, its built-in design provides a low-intensity external electrical input and the body produces its own response.
Sensation, movement and everyday activity are accompanied by electrical signaling within the body.
Placed as directed, FM01 sits at the recommended body area with its wearable surface in contact with the skin.
The small embedded chip uses one predefined design to provide a low-intensity external electrical input at the placement area.
The body receives that external input and produces its own response. Individual experience may vary.
A simplified view of contact, input and response.
01
Body activity
Selected reading
Start with the source.
This reading list introduces the science of electrical activity in living tissue, skin contact and transcutaneous electrical stimulation.
Electrical aspects of skin as a pathway to engineering skin devices
Abe Y, Nishizawa M. APL Bioengineering. 2021;5(4):041509. doi:10.1063/5.0064529
A review of skin structure, impedance, ionic activity and the way contact conditions influence electrical behavior at the surface.
Controlling cell behavior electrically: current views and future potential
McCaig CD, Rajnicek AM, Song B, Zhao M. Physiological Reviews. 2005;85(3):943–978. doi:10.1152/physrev.00020.2004
A broad review of naturally occurring electric fields in cells and tissues, their physiological context and the limits of interpretation.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation: Mechanisms, Clinical Application and Evidence
Johnson M. Reviews in Pain. 2007;1(1):7–11. doi:10.1177/204946370700100103
A review of mechanisms and practical variables involved in externally applied electrical stimulation, including placement and intensity.
These sources provide scientific context for the design principles described on this page; they do not report results from FM01 itself.
Continue with clarity
Designed clearly. Explained carefully.
Explore how FM01 is constructed, how it is worn and how the supporting research relates to the product. Always follow the placement, wear-time and removal guidance supplied with FM01.